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Géopolitique et réseaux maritimes : l’impact de la guerre Ukraine-Russie sur les connections maritimes de l’Ukraine

Marc-Antoine Faure et Barbara Polo

jeudi 04 juillet de 10h à 12h en salle 24-25/509

Les conflits, qu’ils soient politiques, commerciaux ou militaires, affectent les réseaux de transport. Les opérateurs cherchent à éviter les zones les plus tendues en reconsidérant certaines routes. Des liens peuvent être mis à mal dans le cas des tensions géopolitiques locales, qui peuvent avoir un impact global significatif. Cette présentation propose une analyse du réseau maritime de l’Ukraine et identifie les changements dans sa structure en raison du conflit ayant débuté en 2014, avec l’annexion de la Crimée. Le principal objectif est de mesurer et visualiser les principaux changements survenus dans ce réseau depuis 2010 jusqu’à fin 2023, grâce aux données les plus récentes. L’analyse inclut la modélisation du réseau, la représentation du commerce bilatéral et des routes maritimes. Les principaux résultats confirment l’impact majeur du conflit militaire sur la connectivité portuaire, contribuant ainsi à la littérature sur la vulnérabilité des réseaux maritimes.

Chocs et réseaux maritimes : étude comparée de New York, Kobé et New Orleans

César Ducruet

jeudi 04 juillet de 10h à 12h en salle 24-25/509

Cette présentation s’ouvre sur une brève revue de la littérature sur les chocs dans les réseaux (spatiaux), et plus particulièrement dans le cas des réseaux maritimes. L’absence d’études comparatives a motivé l’analyse conjointe de l’impact de l’attaque des Twin Towers à New York (2001), du tremblement de terre à Kobé (1995), et de l’ouragan Katrina à la Nouvelle-Orléans (2004). L’hypothèse majeure est que des mécanismes identiques sont repérables d’un cas à un autre malgré les différences de nature entre ces chocs. Dans les trois cas et comme attendu, une baisse de trafic significative est observée durant le choc, avec des différences en fonction de la spécialisation commerciale des ports (conteneurs, céréales). Au niveau géographique, on constate une hausse de trafic le long de chaque façade maritime à mesure que la distance à l’épicentre augmente, par effet de diversion. Kobé se distingue par une crise plus longue, son trafic de transit ayant été récupéré par le port proche et concurrent de Busan en Corée du Sud, alors en plein essor. En termes de connectivité, les trois ego-networks se caractérisent par une hausse de leur densité suite au choc, soit une perte d’optimalité dans les circulations maritimes régionales.

Evaluating Network Embedding Through the Lens of Community Structure

Barbour, J., Rajeh, S., Najem, S., & Cherifi, H

In: Cherifi, H., Rocha, L.M., Cherifi, C., Donduran, M. (eds) Complex Networks & Their Applications XII. COMPLEX NETWORKS 2023. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1141. Springer, Cham. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53468-3_37

Network embedding, a technique that transforms the nodes and edges of a network into low-dimensional vector representations while preserving relevant structural and semantic information, has gained prominence in recent years. Community structure is one of the most prevalent features of networks, and ensuring its preservation is crucial to represent the network in a lower-dimensional space accurately. While the core objective of network embedding is to bring related nodes in the original network close together in a lower-dimensional space, common classification metrics overlook community structure preservation. This work addresses the need for a comprehensive analysis of network embedding algorithms at the community level. On a set of synthetic networks that span strong to weak community structure strengths, we showcase the variability in the performance of network embedding techniques across mesoscopic metrics. Additionally, we highlight that the mesoscopic metrics are not highly correlated with the classification metrics. The community structure can further diminish the correlation as its strength weakens.

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Modeling both pairwise interactions and group effects in polarization on interaction networks

Duncan Cassells, Lionel Tabourier, Pedro Ramaciotti

In: Botta, F., Macedo, M., Barbosa, H., Menezes, R. (eds) Complex Networks XV. CompleNet-Live 2024. Springer Proceedings in Complexity. Springer, Cham.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57515-0_4

The study of polarization has gained increasing attraction in the past decades. Since observing both opinions and interactions is challenging, epistemic programs such as agent-based models have been proposed as a means to assessing the systemic consequences of social psychology mechanisms. Most results in agent-based models for opinion dynamics have focused on individual opinion constructs and pairwise interactions, with a few works treating group effects as constraints. Meanwhile, a tradition in social sciences has been putting emphasis on how group configuration affects individual behavior. In this work, we introduce a new model for accounting for both pairwise interactions in which actors observe and update opinions, and individual perception of the evolving configuration of groups that make up the population in which they are embedded. Through experiments, we show that pairwise interactions which are different depending on whether they are in-group or out-group, has quantifiable impact on the resulting polarization of a population. In particular, the tolerance toward out-group opinions is shown to have a strong impact on the resulting polarization. Our model produces and accounts for polarized states resulting from group consolidation and fragmentation.

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Mapping low-resolution edges to high-resolution paths: the case of traffic measurements in cities

Bastien Legay, Matthieu Latapy

In: Botta, F., Macedo, M., Barbosa, H., Menezes, R. (eds) Complex Networks XV. CompleNet-Live 2024. Springer Proceedings in Complexity. Springer, Cham.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57515-0_1

We consider the following problem: we have a high-resolution street network of a given city, and low-resolution measurements of traffic within this city. We want to associate to each measurement the set of streets corresponding to the observed traffic. To do so, we take benefit of specific properties of these data to match measured links to links in the street network. We propose several success criteria for the obtained matching. They show that the matching algorithm generally performs very well, and they give complementary ways to detect data discrepancies that makes any matching highly dubious.

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Visite guidée de la distillerie de Scotch

François Pellegrini (LaBRI, Bordeaux)

jeudi 20 juin à 11h en salle 24-25/405, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

Le partitionnement de graphes est un problème très courant qui a de nombreuses applications dans le domaine de  l’informatique scientifique. Du fait de la taille croissante des problèmes à résoudre, de nombreuses mises en œuvre  parallèles d’algorithmes de partitionnement de graphes ont été proposées dans la littérature, que ce soit pour des multiprocesseurs à mémoire partagée ou des multi-ordinateurs à mémoire distribuée. Cet exposé présentera les  principales structures de données et les algorithmes mis en œuvre au sein des bibliothèques libScotch et  libPTScotch. Il se concentrera principalement sur les types d’algorithmes disponibles, plutôt que sur leurs détails  d’implémentation. Il abordera néanmoins quelques questions opérationnelles importantes, concernant la  reproductibilité et le multi-tâches.

BBK: a simpler, faster algorithm for enumerating maximal bicliques in large sparse bipartite graphs

Alexis Baudin, Clémence Magnien, Lionel Tabourier

preprint arXiv:2405.04428

Bipartite graphs are a prevalent modeling tool for real-world networks, capturing interactions between vertices of two different types. Within this framework, bicliques emerge as crucial structures when studying dense subgraphs: they are sets of vertices such that all vertices of the first type interact with all vertices of the second type. Therefore, they allow identifying groups of closely related vertices of the network, such as individuals with similar interests or webpages with similar contents. This article introduces a new algorithm designed for the exhaustive enumeration of maximal bicliques within a bipartite graph. This algorithm, called BBK for Bipartite Bron-Kerbosch, is a new extension to the bipartite case of the Bron-Kerbosch algorithm, which enumerates the maximal cliques in standard (non-bipartite) graphs. It is faster than the state-of-the-art algorithms and allows the enumeration on massive bipartite graphs that are not manageable with existing implementations. We analyze it theoretically to establish two complexity formulas: one as a function of the input and one as a function of the output characteristics of the algorithm. We also provide an open-access implementation of BBK in C++, which we use to experiment and validate its efficiency on massive real-world datasets and show that its execution time is shorter in practice than state-of-the art algorithms. These experiments also show that the order in which the vertices are processed, as well as the choice of one of the two types of vertices on which to initiate the enumeration have an impact on the computation time.

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Faster maximal clique enumeration in large real-world link streams

Alexis Baudin, Clémence Magnien, Lionel Tabourier

Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications, Vol. 28 No. 1 (2024), p. 149-178

Link streams offer a good model for representing interactions over time. They consist of links (b,e,u,v), where u and v are vertices interacting during the whole time interval [b,e]. In this paper, we deal with the problem of enumerating maximal cliques in link streams. A clique is a pair (C,[t0,t1]), where C is a set of vertices that all interact pairwise during the full interval [t0,t1]. It is maximal when neither its set of vertices nor its time interval can be increased. Some of the main works solving this problem are based on the famous Bron-Kerbosch algorithm for enumerating maximal cliques in graphs. We take this idea as a starting point to propose a new algorithm which matches the cliques of the instantaneous graphs formed by links existing at a given time t to the maximal cliques of the link stream. We prove its validity and compute its complexity, which is better than the state-of-the art ones in many cases of interest. We also study the output-sensitive complexity, which is close to the output size, thereby showing that our algorithm is efficient. To confirm this, we perform experiments on link streams used in the state of the art, and on massive link streams, up to 100 million links. In all cases our algorithm is faster, mostly by a factor of at least 10 and up to a factor of 10**4. Moreover, it scales to massive link streams for which the existing algorithms are not able to provide the solution.

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De l’écosystème au graphe dynamique ou comment représenter la nature dans sa complexité.

Jacques Gignoux (iEES-Paris)

mardi 30 avril 2024 à 10h30 en salle 25-26/105, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

Transparents

L’écologie prétend étudier toutes les formes d’organisation du monde vivant, de la bactérie à la biosphère. Elle utilise pour cela le concept d’écosystème qui malgré sa simplicité autorise des représentations (graphiques, mathématiques, informatiques) efficaces très variées du monde qui nous entoure. Comme beaucoup de systèmes vivants, les écosystèmes sont qualifiés de systèmes complexes, susceptibles de présenter des propriétés émergentes comme la stabilité ou la résilience aux perturbations. Malheureusement, les définitions précise de l’émergence font défaut… ou sont beaucoup trop nombreuses pour être utilisables. Je montre qu’en se donnant une définition formelle d’un système possiblement complexe sous la forme d’un graphe dynamique, on peut arriver à la définition précise de 4 types d’émergence et des conditions dans lesquelles elles se manifestent. Sur cette base, on peut construire un simulateur généraliste applicable à l’écosystème et analysable en tant que système complexe avec des outils algorithmiques encore à définir, dont je proposerai un exemple. L’enjeu de ce travail est de fournir un cadre conceptuel permettant la comparaison des représentations/modèles d’écosystème et l’analyse de leurs propriétés émergentes.

Modèle de graphe hiérarchique pour la représentation et
l’analyse de la mobilité et du réseau maritime

Cyril Ray (École Navale / Arts et Métiers)

jeudi 28 mars 2024 à 14h en salle 25-26/105, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

La crise sanitaire et plus récemment la situation géopolitique internationale que nous traversons nous ont rappelé à quel point nos économies modernes étaient tributaires du transport international de marchandises en général et de la maritimisation des échanges internationaux en particulier (puisque 90% de ce transport s’effectuent par voie maritime). Le transport maritime est donc au coeur de nos économies globalisées. Désormais, à l’aide de nombreux capteurs, un large panel de données maritimes est collecté en continu, archivé, et exploité pour la réalisation de nombreuses applications (suivi des pêches, sécurisation de la navigation, planification de routes optimales, contrôle du respect des règles internationales, protection de la biodiversité…). Les bénéfices de cette numérisation de l’espace et de l’information maritime sont multiples. Elle offre de nombreuses opportunités pour appréhender, analyser, prédire les échanges maritimes par l’analyse des données. Durant cette présentation nous aborderons la conception d’un modèle de graphe de hiérarchique pour représenter les mobilités et le réseau de transport maritime. Le modèle est construit par agrégation de trajectoires sémantiques, elles-mêmes émergentes des données de localisation de navires. Le modèle de graphe se concentre sur les origines, destinations et points saillants des mobilités. Un lien entre les données géographiques et les nœuds du graphe est réalisé par indexation hexagonale hiérarchique. La présentation abordera également l’algorithme d’agrégation hiérarchique et les opérateurs de centralité et mesure d’évolution de la dynamique du graphe.

Road network structure and traffic patterns

Erwan Taillanter

mardi 14 mars 2024 à 10h30 en salle 24-25/405, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

Le trafic routier est un domaine habituellement associé aux sciences de l’ingénieur. Si des modèles physiques, basés sur des concepts d’hydrodynamique, ont été appliqué avec succès pour décrire le trafic sur des routes ou autoroutes, la question du trafic en milieu urbain, autrement plus complexe, est actuellement traitée principalement par le biais de simulations. Ces simulations s’avèrent malheureusement souvent imparfaites. Ceci provient du caractère chaotique du trafic routier, exacerbé sur un réseau urbain aux multiples facteurs exogènes (feux de circulation en tête), et où les intersections introduisent une forte corrélation entre les rues. Par conséquent, une simulation agent-basée, bien que réaliste à petite échelle, ne saurait décrire de façon satisfaisante l’évolution du système aux plus grandes échelles. Cette situation ressemble fortement à d’autres problèmes rencontrés dans le domaine de la physique, et en particulier dans le domaine des systèmes complexes. L’objet de ma thèse a donc été l’application d’outils issus de la physique statistique à la description du trafic routier en ville. La démarche générale est toujours de proposer des modèles « macroscopiques », ignorant la réalité individuelle des automobilistes pour se concentrer sur des grandeurs définies à l’échelle des rues ou du réseau entier. Cette discussion aura pour objectif de présenter deux de ces approches macroscopiques. D’une part, je présenterai un concept central en sciences du trafic urbain modernes, nommé Diagramme Fondamental Macroscopique (MFD). D’autre part, je présenterai des résultats suggérant que le trafic urbain se comporte comme un système physique subissant une transition de phase. Enfin, j’élargirai la discussion, en présentant des travaux tentant de combiner ces deux points de vues dans un point de vue cohérent.

Probabilistic k-swap method for uniform graph generation beyond the configuration model

Lionel Tabourier, Julien Karadayi

In Journal of Complex Networks, 2024, 12 (1)

DOI: 10.1093/comnet/cnae002

Generating graphs with realistic structural characteristics is an important challenge for complex networks analysis, as these graphs are the null models that allow to describe and understand the properties of real-world networks. However, the field lacks systematic Generating graphs with realistic structural characteristics is an important challenge for complex networks analysis, as these graphs are the null models that allow to describe and understand the properties of real-world networks. However, the field lacks systematic means to generate samples of graphs with predefined structural properties, because it is difficult to devise a method that is both flexible and guarantees to get a uniform sample, i.e., where any graph of the target set has the same probability to be represented in the sample. In practice, it limits the experimental investigation to a handful of models, including the well-known Erdős-Rényi graphs or the configuration model. The aim of this paper is to provide such a method: we design and implement a Monte-Carlo Markov Chain process which is both flexible and satisfies the uniformity condition. Its assumptions are that: 1) the graphs are simple, 2) their degree sequence is fixed, 3) the user has at least one graph of the set available. Within these limitations, we prove that it is possible to generate a uniform sample of any set of such graphs. We provide an implementation in python and extensive experiments to show that this method is practically operational in several relevant cases. We use it with five specific set of constraints and verify that the samples obtained are consistent with existing methods when such a method is available. In those cases, we report that state-of-the-art methods are usually faster, as our method favors versatility at the cost of a lower efficiency. Also, the implementation provided has been designed so that users may adapt it to relevant constraints for their own field of work.

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Approches hybrides de détection d’anomalies dans les transactions financières.

Blaise Ngonmang

jeudi 11 janvier 2024 à 14h en salle 24-25/509, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

La fraude constitue un défi omniprésent dans divers secteurs tels que les services financiers et publics, engendrant d’importantes pertes financières pour les entreprises et institutions concernées. La prévention de la fraude représente ainsi un enjeu crucial. Cependant, la simple détection de la fraude ne suffit pas à atténuer ses conséquences; il est impératif de pouvoir la prouver opérationnellement. Ce séminaire explore des techniques de détection de fraudes basées sur des approches hybrides combinant l’apprentissage automatique et l’analyse de graphes. De plus, nous présentons des stratégies visant à faciliter l’interprétation des fraudes détectées.

Representing Edge Flows on Graphs via Sparse Cell Complexes

Josef Hoppe

vendredi 27 novembre 2023 à 11h en salle 24-25/405, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

Slides, codes, presentation at LoG

Obtaining sparse, interpretable representations of observable data is crucial in many machine learning and signal processing tasks. For data representing flows along the edges of a graph, an intuitively interpretable way to obtain such representations is to lift the graph structure to a simplicial complex: The eigenvectors of the associated Hodge-Laplacian, respectively the incidence matrices of the corresponding simplicial complex then induce a Hodge decomposition, which can be used to represent the observed data in terms of gradient, curl, and harmonic flows. In this paper, we generalize this approach to cellular complexes and introduce the flow representation learning problem, i.e., the problem of augmenting the observed graph by a set of cells, such that the eigenvectors of the associated Hodge Laplacian provide a sparse, interpretable representation of the observed edge flows on the graph. We show that this problem is NP-hard and introduce an efficient approximation algorithm for its solution. Experiments on real-world and synthetic data demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods with respect to approximation error, while being computationally efficient.

Link Streams as a Generalization of Graphs and Time Series

Esteban Bautista, Matthieu Latapy

In « Temporal Network Theory », Holme, P. and Saramäki, J. (eds), Springer, 2023

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30399-9_22œ

A link stream is a set of possibly weighted triplets (t, u, v) modeling that u and v interacted at time t. Link streams offer an effective model for datasets containing both temporal and relational information, making their proper analysis crucial in many applications. They are commonly regarded as sequences of graphs or collections of time series. Yet, a recent seminal work demonstrated that link streams are more general objects of which graphs are only particular cases. It therefore started the construction of a dedicated formalism for link streams by extending graph theory. In this work, we contribute to the development of this formalism by showing that link streams also generalize time series. In particular, we show that a link stream corresponds to a time-series extended to a relational dimension, which opens the door to also extend the framework of signal processing to link streams. We therefore develop extensions of numerous signal concepts to link streams: from elementary ones like energy, correlation, and differentiation, to more advanced ones like Fourier transform and filters.

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Computing Betweenness Centrality in Link Stream

Frédéric Simard, Clémence Magnien, Matthieu Latapy

Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications 27:3, 2023 DOI: 10.7155/jgaa.00620

Betweenness centrality is one of the most important concepts in graph analysis. It was recently extended to link streams, a graph generalization where links arrive over time. However, its computation raises non-trivial issues, due in particular to the fact that time is considered as continuous. We provide here the first algorithms to compute this generalized betweenness centrality, as well as several companion algorithms that have their own interest. They work in polynomial time and space, we illustrate them on typical examples, and we provide an implementation.

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Code available here

A Frequency-Structure Approach for Link Stream Analysis

Esteban Bautista, Matthieu Latapy

Fifth IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Machine Intelligence (CogMI), 2023

A link stream is a set of triplets (t,u,v) indicating that u and v interacted at time t. Link streams model numerous datasets and their proper study is crucial in many applications. In practice, raw link streams are often aggregated or transformed into time series or graphs where decisions are made. Yet, it remains unclear how the dynamical and structural information of a raw link stream carries into the transformed object. This work shows that it is possible to shed light into this question by studying link streams via algebraically linear graph and signal operators, for which we introduce a novel linear matrix framework for the analysis of link streams. We show that, due to their linearity, most methods in signal processing can be easily adopted by our framework to analyze the time/frequency information of link streams. However, the availability of linear graph methods to analyze relational/structural information is limited. We address this limitation by developing (i) a new basis for graphs that allow us to decompose them into structures at different resolution levels; and (ii) filters for graphs that allow us to change their structural information in a controlled manner. By plugging-in these developments and their time-domain counterpart into our framework, we are able to (i) obtain a new basis for link streams that allow us to represent them in a frequency-structure domain; and (ii) show that many interesting transformations to link streams, like the aggregation of interactions or their embedding into a euclidean space, can be seen as simple filters in our frequency-structure domain.

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How to assess and optimize the energy efficiency of microservices placement

Imane Taleb

vendredi 17 novembre 2023 à 14h en salle 26-00/124, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

Microservices are small, independent and scalable services used to build applications, offering flexibility and high-quality service. However, this model presents challenges in terms of network congestion, microservice placement, resource management and energy consumption. Based on an analysis revealing a lack of research on energy optimisation, this thesis focuses on assessing the energy efficiency of microservice placement, using graph partitioning techniques to optimise microservice placement across network architecture layers (Cloud, Fog, Edge).

LSCPM: Communities in Massive Real-World Link Streams by Clique Percolation Method

Alexis Baudin, Lionel Tabourier, Clémence Magnien

30th International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME 2023)

Community detection is a popular approach to understand the organization of interactions in static networks. For that purpose, the Clique Percolation Method (CPM), which involves the percolation of k-cliques, is a well-studied technique that offers several advantages. Besides, studying interactions that occur over time is useful in various contexts, which can be modeled by the link stream formalism. The Dynamic Clique Percolation Method (DCPM) has been proposed for extending CPM to temporal networks.
However, existing implementations are unable to handle massive datasets. We present a novel algorithm that adapts CPM to link streams, which has the advantage that it allows us to speed up the computation time with respect to the existing DCPM method. We evaluate it experimentally on real datasets and show that it scales to massive link streams. For example, it allows to obtain a complete set of communities in under twenty-five minutes for a dataset with thirty million links, what the state of the art fails to achieve even after a week of computation. We further show that our method provides communities similar to DCPM, but slightly more aggregated. We exhibit the relevance of the obtained communities in real world cases, and show that they provide information on the importance of vertices in the link streams.

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Monotonicity on undirected networks

Sebastiano Vigna

mercredi 24 mai 2023 à 11h en salle 24-25/405, LIP6, Sorbonne Université

Slides

Is it always beneficial to create a new relationship (have a new follower/friend) in a social network? This question can be formally stated as a property of the centrality measure that defines the importance of the actors of the network. Score monotonicity means that adding an arc increases the centrality score of the target of the arc; rank monotonicity means that adding an arc improves the importance of the target of the arc relatively to the remaining nodes. It is known that most centralities are both score and rank monotone on directed, strongly connected graphs. In this paper, we study the problem of score and rank monotonicity for classical centrality measures in the case of undirected networks: in this case, we require that score, or relative importance, improve at both endpoints of the new edge. We show that, surprisingly, the situation in the undirected case is very different, and in particular that closeness, harmonic centrality, betweenness, eigenvector centrality, Seeley’s index, Katz’s index, and PageRank are not rank monotone; betweenness and PageRank are not even score monotone. In other words, while it is always a good thing to get a new follower, it is not always beneficial to get a new friend.

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